Educational Inequalities in Labor Market Exit of Older Workers in 15 European Countries

Abstract This article examines country differences in the association between education and voluntary or involuntary labor market exit whether these map onto institutional characteristics of countries. Work is defined as based on reasons exit. Four different types factors, push pull , aiming for an earlier work need maintain factors to retain older workers employment are considered. Using data from 15 European countries longitudinal Survey Health, Aging Retirement Europe (SHARE), discrete-time event history models with a categorical outcome estimated each separately. In second step, we add macro-level indicators conduct meta-analyses analyze differences. Results show that almost all social gradient exists but not Lower-educated more likely involuntarily market. Institutional especially those supporting workers’ retention employment, associated smaller Our findings suggest investments active expenditures, lifelong learning rehabilitation lower educated workers, may help reduce